Knowledge Manager Manual

Configure field lookups

Use the dynamic fields lookup feature to add fields to your events with information from an external source, such as a static table (CSV file) or an external (Python) command. You can also add fields based on matching time information.

Note: CSV files with Pre-OS X (OS9 or earlier) Macintosh-style line endings (aka carriage return only, "\r") are not supported.

For example, if you are monitoring logins with Splunk Enterprise and have IP addresses and timestamps for those logins in your Splunk Enterprise index, you can use a dynamic field lookup to map the IP address and timestamp to the MAC address and username information for the matching IP and timestamp data that you have in your DHCP logs.

You can set up a lookup using the Lookups page in Splunk Web or by configuring stanzas in props.conf and transforms.conf. For more information about using the Lookups page, see the fields lookup tutorial in the Splunk Search Tutorial.

This topic shows you how to use props.conf and transforms.conf to set up your lookups.

To set up a lookup using the configuration files:

Important: Do not edit conf files in $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/system/default. Instead, you should edit the file in $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/system/local/ or $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/apps/<app_name>/local/. If the file doesn't exist, create it.

1. Edit transforms.conf to define your lookup table.

Currently you can define two kinds of lookup tables: static lookups (which utilize CSV files) and external lookups (which utilize Python scripts). The arguments you use in your transforms stanza indicate the type of lookup table you want to define. Use filename for static lookups and external_cmd for external lookups.

Note: A lookup table must have at least two columns. Each column may have multiple instances of the same value (multi-valued fields). It may not contain non-utf-8 characters (plain ascii text is ok, as is any character set that is also valid utf-8.)

2. Edit props.conf to apply your lookup table automatically.

This step is the same for both static and external lookups. In this configuration file, you specify the fields to match and output (or outputnew, if you don't want to overwrite the output field) from the lookup table that you defined in transforms.conf.

You can have more than one field lookup defined in a single source stanza. Each lookup should have its own unique lookup name; for example, if you have multiple tables, you can name them: LOOKUP-table1, LOOKUP-table2, etc., or something more descriptive.

When you add a lookup to props.conf, the lookup is run automatically and applied to any events from your search that have the matching sourcetype. If your automatic lookup is very slow, it will also impact the speed of your searches.

3. Restart Splunk Enterprise to implement the changes you made to the configuration files.

After restart, you should see the output fields from your lookup table listed in the fields sidebar. From there, you can select the fields to display in each of the matching search results.

Set up a fields lookup based on a static file

The simplest fields lookup is based on a static table, specifically a CSV file. The CSV file needs to be located in one of two places:

• $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/system/lookups/
• $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/apps/<app_name>/lookups/

Create the lookups directory if it does not exist.

1. Edit transforms.conf to define your lookup table.

In transforms.conf, add a stanza to define your lookup table. The name of the stanza is also the name of your lookup table. You will use this transform in props.conf.

In this stanza, reference the CSV file's name:

[myLookup]
filename = <filename>
max_matches = <integer>

Optionally, you can specify the number of matching entries to apply to an event; max_matches indicates that the first (in file order) <integer> number of entries are used. By default, max_matches is 100 for lookups that are not based on a timestamp field.

2. Edit props.conf to apply your lookup table.

In props.conf, add a stanza with the lookup key. This stanza specifies the lookup table that you defined in transforms.conf and indicates how Splunk Enterprise should apply it to your events:

[<stanza name>]
LOOKUP-<class> = $TRANSFORM <match_field_in_table> OUTPUT|OUTPUTNEW <output_field_in_table>

• stanza name is the sourcetype, host, or source to which this lookup applies, as specified in props.conf.
• stanza name can't use regex-type syntax.
• $TRANSFORM references the stanza in transforms.conf where you defined your lookup table.
• match_field_in_table is the column in the lookup table that you use to match values.
• output_field_in_table is the column in the lookup table that you add to your events. Use OUTPUTNEW if you don't want to overwrite existing values in your output field.
• You can have multiple columns on either side of the lookup. For example, you could have $TRANSFORM <match_field1>, <match_field2> OUTPUT|OUTPUTNEW <match_field3>, <match_field4>. You can also have one field return two fields, three fields return one field, and so on.

Use the AS clause if the field names in the lookup table and your events do not match or if you want to rename the field in your event:

[<stanza name>]
LOOKUP-<class> = $TRANSFORM <match_field_in_table> AS <match_field_in_event> 
OUTPUT|OUTPUTNEW <output_field_in_table> AS <output_field_in_event>

You can have more than one field after the OUTPUT|OUTPUTNEW clause. If you don't use OUTPUT|OUTPUTNEW, Splunk Enterprise adds all the field names and values from the lookup table to your events.

3. Restart Splunk Enterprise.

Example of static fields lookup

Here's an example of setting up lookups for HTTP status codes in an access_combined log. In this example, you want to match the status field in your lookup table (http_status.csv) with the field in your events. Then, you add the status description and status type fields into your events.

The following is the http_status.csv file. You can put this into $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/apps/<app_name>/lookups/. If you're using this in the Search App, put the file into $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/apps/search/lookups/:

status,status_description,status_type
100,Continue,Informational
101,Switching Protocols,Informational
200,OK,Successful
201,Created,Successful
202,Accepted,Successful
203,Non-Authoritative Information,Successful
204,No Content,Successful
205,Reset Content,Successful
206,Partial Content,Successful
300,Multiple Choices,Redirection
301,Moved Permanently,Redirection
302,Found,Redirection
303,See Other,Redirection
304,Not Modified,Redirection
305,Use Proxy,Redirection
307,Temporary Redirect,Redirection
400,Bad Request,Client Error
401,Unauthorized,Client Error
402,Payment Required,Client Error
403,Forbidden,Client Error
404,Not Found,Client Error
405,Method Not Allowed,Client Error
406,Not Acceptable,Client Error
407,Proxy Authentication Required,Client Error
408,Request Timeout,Client Error
409,Conflict,Client Error
410,Gone,Client Error
411,Length Required,Client Error
412,Precondition Failed,Client Error
413,Request Entity Too Large,Client Error
414,Request-URI Too Long,Client Error
415,Unsupported Media Type,Client Error
416,Requested Range Not Satisfiable,Client Error
417,Expectation Failed,Client Error
500,Internal Server Error,Server Error
501,Not Implemented,Server Error
502,Bad Gateway,Server Error
503,Service Unavailable,Server Error
504,Gateway Timeout,Server Error
505,HTTP Version Not Supported,Server Error

1. In a transforms.conf file located in either $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/system/local/ or $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/apps/<app_name>/local, put:

[http_status]
filename = http_status.csv

2. In a props.conf file, located in either $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/system/local/ or $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/apps/<app_name>/local/, put:

[access_combined]
LOOKUP-http = http_status status OUTPUT status_description, status_type

3. Restart Splunk Enterprise.

Now, when you run a search that returns Web access information, you will see the fields status_description and status_type listed in your fields sidebar menu.

Use search results to populate a lookup table

You can edit a local or app-specific copy of savedsearches.conf to use the results of a report to populate a lookup table.

In a report stanza, where the search returns a results table:

1. Add the following line to enable the lookup population action.

action.populate_lookup = 1

This tells Splunk Enterprise to save your results table into a CSV file.

2. Add the following line to tell Splunk Enterprise where to copy your lookup table.

action.populate_lookup.dest = <string>

The action.populate_lookup.dest value is a lookup name from transforms.conf or a path to a CSV file where Splunk Enterprise should copy the search results. If it is a path to a CSV file, the path should be relative to $SPLUNK_HOME.

For example, if you want to save the results to a global lookup table, you might include:

action.populate_lookup.dest = etc/system/lookups/myTable.csv

The destination directory, $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/system/lookups or $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/<app_name>/lookups, should already exist.

3. Add the following line if you want this search to run when Splunk Enterprise starts up.

run_on_startup = true

If it does not run on startup, it will run at the next scheduled time. Generally, we recommend that you set this to true for scheduled searches that populate lookup tables.

Because Splunk Enterprise copies the results of the report to a CSV file, you can set up your fields lookup the same way you set up a static lookup.

Set up a fields lookup based on an external command or script

For dynamic or external lookups, your transforms.conf stanza references the command or script and arguments to invoke. This is also called a scripted or external lookup.

You can also specify the type of command or script to invoke:

[myLookup]
external_cmd = <string>
external_type = python
fields_list = <string>
max_matches = <integer>

Use fields_list to list all the fields supported by the external command, delimited by a comma and space.

Note: Currently, Splunk Enterprise only supports Python scripts for external lookups. Python scripts used for these lookups must be located in one of two places:

• $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/apps/<app_name>/bin
• $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/searchscripts

Note: When writing your Python script, if you refer to any external resources (such as a file), the reference must be relative to the directory where the script is located.

External fields lookup example

Here's an example of how you might set up an external fields lookup to match with information from a DNS server. Splunk Enterprise ships with a script located in $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/system/bin/ called external_lookup.py, which is a DNS lookup script that:

• if given a host, returns the IP address.
• if given an IP address, returns the host name.

Splunk also ships with a configuration for this script in $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/system/default/transforms.conf:

[dnslookup]
external_cmd = external_lookup.py clienthost clientip 
fields_list = clienthost,clientip

You can run a lookup search that uses this lookup configuration. This one looks at every host value in your events and returns a corresponding clientip value:

sourcetype=access_combined | eval clienthost = host | lookup dnslookup clienthost | stats count by clientip

This search uses an eval statement to say that the clienthost field in the script is equivalent to the host field in your data. It also returns a table that provides a count for each of the clientip values that the script returned.

A search that provides a reverse lookup (returns a host value for each IP address received) would be:

sourcetype=access_combined | lookup dnslookup clientip | stats count by clienthost

Note that this reverse lookup does not provide an eval statement. This is because Splunk automatically extracts IP addresses as clientip.

More about the external lookup script

Your external lookup script must take in a partially empty CSV file and output a filled-in CSV file. The arguments that you pass to the script are the headers for these input and output files.

In the DNS lookup example above, the CSV file contains 2 fields, "clienthost" and "clientip". The fields that you pass to this script are the ones you specify in transforms.conf:

external_cmd = external_lookup.py clienthost clientip

Note: If you don't pass these arguments, the script returns an error.

When you run the search command:

... | lookup dnsLookup clienthost

You're telling Splunk Enterprise to use the lookup table that you defined in transforms.conf as [dnsLookup] and pass into the external command script the values for the "clienthost" field as a CSV file, which may look like this:

clienthost,clientip
work.com
home.net

Basically, this is a CSV file with the header "clienthost" and "clientip", but missing values for clientip. The two headers are included because they are the fields you specified in the fields_list parameter of transforms.conf.

The script then outputs the following CSV file and returns it to Splunk Enterprise, which populates the clientip field in your results:

host,ip
work.com,127.0.0.1
home.net,127.0.0.2

Set up a time-based fields lookup

If your static or external lookup table has a field value that represents time, you can use this time field to set up your fields lookup. For time-based (or temporal) lookups, add the following lines to your lookup stanza in transforms.conf:

time_field = <field_name>
time_format = <string>

If time_field is present, by default max_matches is 1. Also, the first matching entry in descending order is applied.

Use the time_format key to specify the strptime() format of your time_field. By default, time_format is  %s.%Q or seconds from unix epoch in UTC and optional milliseconds.

Note: Splunk Enterprise enables you to use some nonstandard date-time strptime() formats. For example, when you define ISO 8601 timestamps, you may use time_format = '%s.%Q', where %s represents seconds and %Q represents milliseconds. For more information about these additional settings, see the subtopic "Enhanced strptime() support" in "Configure timestamp recognition," in the Getting Data In Manual.

For a match to occur with time-based lookups, you can also specify offsets for the minimum and maximum amounts of time that an event may be later than a lookup entry. To do this, add the following lines to your stanza:

max_offset_secs = <integer>
min_offset_secs = <integer>

By default, there is no maximum offset and the minimum offset is 0.

Example of time-based fields lookup

Here's an example of how you might use DHCP logs to identify users on your network based on their IP address and the timestamp. Let's say the DHCP logs are in a file, dhcp.csv, which contains the timestamp, IP address, and the user's name and MAC address.

1. In a transforms.conf file, put:

[dhcpLookup]
filename = dhcp.csv
time_field = timestamp
time_format = %d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S

2. In a props.conf file, put:

[dhcp]
LOOKUP-table = dhcpLookup ip mac OUTPUT user

3. Restart Splunk Enterprise.