Splunk® Machine Learning Toolkit

User Guide

This documentation does not apply to the most recent version of Splunk® Machine Learning Toolkit. For documentation on the most recent version, go to the latest release.

Algorithms

The Splunk Machine Learning Toolkit supports the algorithms listed here. In addition to the examples included in the Splunk Machine Learning Toolkit, you can find more examples of these algorithms on the scikit-learn website.

Looking for information on using the score command? Please navigate to the score command documentation for more information.

ML-SPL Quick Reference Guide

Download the Machine Learning Toolkit Quick Reference Guide for a handy cheat sheet of ML-SPL commands and machine learning algorithms used in the Splunk Machine Learning Toolkit. This document is also available in Japanese.

Download the ML-SPL Performance App for Machine Learning Toolkit to use these performance results for guidance and benchmarking purposes in your own environment.

Algorithms using the fit and apply commands

The following algorithms use the fit and apply commands within the Splunk Machine Learning Toolkit. For information on the steps taken by these commands, please review the Understanding the fit and apply commands document.

Extend the algorithms you can use for your models

The algorithms listed here and in the ML-SPL Quick Reference Guide are available natively in the Splunk Machine Learning Toolkit. You can also base your algorithm on over 300 open source Python algorithms from scikit-learn, pandas, statsmodel, numpy and scipy libraries available through the Python for Scientific Computing add-on in Splunkbase.

For information on how to import an algorithm from the Python for Scientific Computing add-on into the Splunk Machine Learning Toolkit, see the ML-SPL API Guide.

Anomaly Detectors

Anomaly detection algorithms detect anomalies and outliers in numerical or categorical fields.

LocalOutlierFactor

The LocalOutlierFactor algorithm uses the scikit-learn Local Outlier Factor (LOF) (an unsupervised outlier detection method) to measure the local deviation of density of a given sample with respect to its neighbors. The anomaly score depends on how isolated the object is with respect to its neighbors.

Syntax 

fit LocalOutlierFactor <fields>
	[n_neighbors=<int>] [leaf_size=<int>] [p=<int>]
        [contamination=<float>] 
        [metric=<str>] [algorithm=<str>]
  • The n_neighbors parameter default is 20
  • The leaf_size parameter default is 30
  • The p parameter is limited to p >=1
  • The contamination parameter must be within the range of 0.0 (not included) to 0.5 (included)
  • The contamination parameter default is 0.1
  • Valid algorithms: brute, kd_tree, ball_tree and auto
  • The algorithm default is auto
  • The metric default is minkowski
  • Valid metrics for kd_tree: cityblock, euclidean, l1, l2, manhattan, chebyshev, minkowski
  • Valid metrics for ball_tree: cityblock, euclidean, l1, l2, manhattan, chebyshev, minkowski, braycurtis, canberra, dice, hamming, jaccard, kulsinski, matching, rogerstanimoto, russellrao, sokalmichener, sokalsneath
  • Valid metrics for brute: cityblock, euclidean, l1, l2, manhattan, chebyshev, minkowski, braycurtis, canberra, dice hamming, jaccard, kulsinski, matching, rogerstanimoto, russellrao, sokalmichener, sokalsneath, cosine, correlation, sqeuclidean, yule
  • Output: A list of labels titled is_outlier, assigned 1 for outliers and -1 for inliers

Example 

| inputlookup iris.csv | fit LocalOutlierFactor petal_length petal_width n_neighbors=10 algorithm=kd_tree metric=minkowski p=1 contamination=0.14 leaf_size=10

For descriptions of the n_neighbors, leaf_size and other parameters, see the sci-kit learn documentation: http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.neighbors.LocalOutlierFactor.html

You cannot save LocalOutlierFactor models using the into keyword. This algorithm does not support saving models. It does not include the predict method.

Using the LocalOutlierFactor algorithm requires running version 1.3 of Python for Scientific Computing.

OneClassSVM

The OneClassSVM algorithm uses the scikit-learn OneClassSVM (an unsupervised outlier detection method) to fit a model from the set of features (i.e. fields) for detecting anomalies/outliers, where features are expected to contain numerical values.

Syntax 

fit OneClassSVM <fields> [into <model name>]
        [kernel=<str>] [nu=<float>] [coef0=<float>]
        [gamma=<float>] [tol=<float>] [degree=<int>] [shrinking=<true|false>]
  • The kernel parameter specifies the kernel type ("linear", "rbf", "poly", "sigmoid") for using in the algorithm, where the default value is kernel is rbf. * You can specify the upper bound on the fraction of training error as well as the lower bound of the fraction of support vectors using the nu parameter, where the default value is 0.5.
  • The degree parameter is ignored by all kernels except the polynomial kernel, where the default value is 3. gamma is the kernel co-efficient that specifies how much influence a single data instance has, where the default value is 1/numberOfFeatures. The independent term of coef0 in the kernel function is only significant if you have polynomial or sigmoid function. The term tol is the tolerance for stopping criteria.
  • The shrinking parameter determines whether to use the shrinking heuristic. For details, see http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/svm.html#kernel-functions.

Example 

... | fit OneClassSVM * kernel="poly" nu=0.5 coef0=0.5 gamma=0.5 tol=1 degree=3 shrinking=f into
        TESTMODEL_OneClassSVM

You can save OneClassSVM models using the into keyword and apply the saved model later to new data using the apply command. See the example below.

Example 

... | apply TESTMODEL_OneClassSVM

After running the fit or apply command, a new field named isNormal is generated. This field defines whether a particular record (row) is normal (isNormal=1) or anomalous (isNormal=-1).

You cannot inspect the model learned by OneClassSVM with the summary command.

Classifiers

Classifier algorithms predict the value of a categorical field.

The kfold cross-validation command is available for all Classifier algorithms. Learn more here.

BernoulliNB

The BernoulliNB algorithm uses the scikit-learn BernoulliNB estimator (an implementation of the Naive Bayes classification algorithm) to fit a model to predict the value of categorical fields where explanatory variables are assumed to be binary-valued. This algorithm supports incremental fit.

Syntax 

fit BernoulliNB <field_to_predict> from <explanatory_fields> [into <model name>]
	[alpha=<float>] [binarize=<float>] [fit_prior=<true|false>] [partial_fit=<true|false>]
  • The alpha parameter controls Laplace/ Lidstone smoothing. The default value is 1.0.
  • The binarize parameter is a threshold that can be used for converting numeric field values to the binary values expected by BernoulliNB. The default value is 0. For instance, if binarize=0 is specified, the default, values > 0 are assumed to be 1, and values <= 0 are assumed to be 0.
  • The fit_prior Boolean parameter specifies whether to learn class prior probabilities. The default value is true. If fit_prior=f is specified, classes are assumed to have uniform popularity.
  • The partial_fit parameter controls whether an existing model should be incrementally updated or not. The default value is false, meaning it will not be incrementally updated. Choosing partial_fit=true allows you to update an existing model using only new data without having to retrain it on the full training data set.
    • Using partial_fit=true on an existing model ignores the newly supplied parameters. The parameters supplied at model creation are used instead. If partial_fit=false or partial_fit is not specified (default is false), the model specified is created and replaces the pre-trained model if one exists.

Example 1 

... | fit BernoulliNB type from * into TESTMODEL_BernoulliNB alpha=0.5 binarize=0 fit_prior=f

Example 2
In the following example, if My_Incremental_Model does not exist, the command saves the model data under the model name My_Incremental_Model. If My_Incremental_Model exists and was trained using BernoulliNB, the command updates the existing model with the new input. If My_Incremental_Model exists but was not trained by BernoulliNB, an error message is thrown. 

| inputlookup iris.csv | fit BernoulliNB species from * partial_fit=true into My_Incremental_Model

You can save BernoulliNB models using the into keyword and apply the saved model later to new data using the apply command. See the following example.

Example 

|... | apply TESTMODEL_BernoulliNB

You cannot inspect the model learned by BernoulliNB with the summary command.

DecisionTreeClassifier

The DecisionTreeClassifier algorithm uses the scikit-learn DecisionTreeClassifier estimator to fit a model to predict the value of categorical fields.

Syntax 

fit DecisionTreeClassifier <field_to_predict> from <explanatory_fields> [into <model_name>] 
        [max_depth=<int>] [max_features=<str>] [min_samples_split=<int>] [max_leaf_nodes=<int>] 
        [criterion=<gini|entropy>] [splitter=<best|random>] [random_state=<int>]

Example 

... | fit DecisionTreeClassifier SLA_violation from * into sla_model | ...

For descriptions of the max_depth, max_features, min_samples_split, max_leaf_nodes, criterion, random_state, and splitter parameters, see the scikit-learn documentation at http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.tree.DecisionTreeClassifier.html.

You can save DecisionTreeClassifier models by using the into keyword and apply it to new data later by using the apply command. See example below.

Example 

... | apply model_DTC

You can inspect the decision tree learned by DecisionTreeClassifier with the summary command. See example below.

Example 

| summary model_DTC

You can also get a JSON representation of the tree by giving json=t as an argument to the summary command. See example below. 

| summary model_DTC json=t

To specify the maximum depth of the tree to summarize, use the limit argument. The default value for the limit argument is 5. See example below. 

| summary model_DTC limit=10

GaussianNB

The GaussianNB algorithm uses the scikit-learn GaussianNB estimator (an implementation of Gaussian Naive Bayes classification algorithm) to fit a model to predict the value of categorical fields, where the likelihood of explanatory variables is assumed to be Gaussian. This algorithm supports incremental fit.

Syntax 

fit GaussianNB <field_to_predict> from <explanatory_fields> [into <model name>] [partial_fit=<true|false>]

Example 

... | fit GaussianNB species from * into TESTMODEL_GaussianNB

The partial_fit parameter controls whether an existing model should be incrementally updated or not (default is false). This allows you to update an existing model using only new data without having to retrain it on the full training data set.

Example
The following example uses the partial_fit command. In this example, if My_Incremental_Model does not exist, the command saves the model data under the model name My_Incremental_Model. If My_Incremental_Model exists and was trained using GaussianNB, the command updates the existing model with the new input. If My_Incremental_Model exists but was not trained by GaussianNB, an error message is thrown. 

| inputlookup iris.csv | fit GaussianNB species from * partial_fit=true into My_Incremental_Model

If partial_fit=false or partial_fit is not specified (default is false), the model specified is created and replaces the pre-trained model if one exists.

You can save GaussianNB models using the into keyword and apply the saved model later to new data using the apply command. See the following example:

Example 

... | apply TESTMODEL_GaussianNB

You cannot inspect the model learned by GaussianNB with the summary command.

GradientBoostingClassifier

This algorithm uses the GradientBoostingClassifier from scikit-learn to build a classification model by fitting regression trees on the negative gradient of a deviance loss function. For documentation on the parameters, see GradientBoostingClassifier from scikit-learn http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.GradientBoostingClassifier.html.

Syntax 

fit GradientBoostingClassifier <field_to_predict> from <explanatory_fields>[into <model name>]  
	[loss=<deviance | exponential>] [max_features=<str>] 
	[learning_rate =<float>] [min_weight_fraction_leaf=<float>] [n_estimators=<int>] 
	[max_depth=<int>] [min_samples_split =<int>] [min_samples_leaf=<int>] 
	[max_leaf_nodes=<int>] [random_state=<int>]

Example The following example uses the GradientBoostingClassifier algorithm to fit a model and save a model as TESTMODEL_GradientBoostingClassifier. 

... | fit GradientBoostingClassifier target from * into TESTMODEL_GradientBoostingClassifier

Use the apply method to apply the trained model to the new data. 

... |apply TESTMODEL_GradientBoostingClassifier

To inspect the features learned by GradientBoostingClassifier use the summary command. 

| summary TESTMODEL_GradientBoostingClassifier

LogisticRegression

The LogisticRegression algorithm uses the scikit-learn LogisticRegression estimator to fit a model to predict the value of categorical fields.

Syntax 

fit LogisticRegression <field_to_predict> from <explanatory_fields> [into <model name>]
        [fit_intercept=<true|false>] [probabilities=<true|false>]

Example 

... | fit LogisticRegression SLA_violation from IO_wait_time into sla_model | ...

The fit_intercept parameter specifies whether the model includes an implicit intercept term (the default value is true).

The probabilities parameter specifies whether probabilities for each possible field value should be returned alongside the predicted value (the default value is false).

You can save LogisticRegression models using the into keyword and apply new data later using the apply command. See example below.

Example 

... | apply sla_model

You can inspect the coefficients learned by LogisticRegression with the summary command (for example, | summary sla_model).

MLPClassifier

The MPLClassifier algorithm uses the scikit-learn Multi-layer Perceptron estimator for classification. MLPClassifier uses a feedforward artificial neural network model that trains using backpropagation. This algorithm supports incremental fit.

Syntax 

fit MLPClassifier <field_to_predict> from <explanatory_fields> [into <model name>]
[batch_size=<int>] [max_iter=<int>] [random_state=<int>] [hidden_layer_sizes=<int>-<int>-<int>]
	[activation=<str>] [solver=<str>] [learning_rate=<str>]
        [tol=<float>} {momentum=<float>]

Example 

... | inputlookup diabetes.csv | fit MLPClassifier response from * into MLP_example_model hidden_layer_sizes='100-100-80' |...

Example
The following example uses the partial_fit command: 

| inputlookup iris.csv | fit MLPClassifier species from * partial_fit=true into My_Example_Model

The partial_fit parameter controls whether an existing model should be incrementally updated on not (default is false). This allows you to update nan existing model using only new data without having to retrain it on the full training data set.

  • If My_Example_Model does not exist, the model us saved to it.
  • If My_Example_Model exists and was trained using MLPClassifier, the command updates the existing model with the new input.
  • If My_Example_Model exists but was not trained using MLPClassifier, an error message will be given.

For descriptions of the batch_size , random_state and max_iter parameters, see the scikit-learn documentation at http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.neural_network.MLPClassifier.html

The hidden_layer_sizes parameter format (int) varies based on the number of hidden layers in the data.

You can save MLPClassifier models by using the into keyword and apply it to new data later by using the apply command.

You cannot inspect the model learned by the MLPClassifier algorithm with the summary command.

Using the MLPClassifier algorithm requires running version 1.3 of Python for Scientific Computing.

RandomForestClassifier

The RandomForestClassifier algorithm uses the scikit-learn RandomForestClassifier estimator to fit a model to predict the value of categorical fields.

Syntax 

fit RandomForestClassifier <field_to_predict> from <explanatory_fields> [into <model name>]
	[n_estimators=<int>] [max_depth=<int>] [criterion=<gini | entropy>] [random_state=<int>]
	[max_features=<str>] [min_samples_split=<int>] [max_leaf_nodes=<int>]

Example 

... | fit RandomForestClassifier SLA_violation from * into sla_model | ...

For descriptions of the n_estimators, max_depth, criterion, random_state, max_features, min_samples_split, and max_leaf_nodes parameters, see the scikit-learn documentation at http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier.html.

You can save RandomForestClassifier models using the into keyword and apply new data later using the apply command. See example below.

Example 

... | apply sla_model

You can list the features that were used to fit the model, as well as their relative importance or influence with the summary command (for example, | summary sla_model).

SGDClassifier

The SGDClassifier algorithm uses the scikit-learn SGDClassifier estimator to fit a model to predict the value of categorical fields. This algorithm supports incremental fit.

Syntax 

fit SGDClassifier <field_to_predict> from <explanatory_fields>
	[into <model name>] [partial_fit=<true|false>]
	[loss=<hinge|log|modified_huber|squared_hinge|perceptron>]
	[fit_intercept=<true|false>]<int>
	[random_state=<int>] [n_iter=<int>] [l1_ratio=<float>]
	[alpha=<float>] [eta0=<float>] [power_t=<float>]
	[penalty=<l1|l2|elasticnet>] [learning_rate=<constant|optimal|invscaling>]

Example 

... | fit SGDClassifier SLA_violation from * into sla_model

The SGDClassifier algorithm supports the following parameters:

  • loss=<hinge|log|modified_huber|squared_hinge|perceptron>: The loss function to be used.
    • Defaults to hinge, which gives a linear SVM.
  • log loss gives logistic regression, a probabilistic classifier.
  • modified_huber is another smooth loss that brings tolerance to outliers as well as probability estimates.
  • squared_hinge is like hinge but is quadratically penalized.
  • perceptron is the linear loss used by the perceptron algorithm.
  • fit_intercept=<true|false>: Specifies whether the intercept should be estimated or not (default true).
  • n_iter=<int>: The number of passes over the training data (aka epochs) (default 5). The number of iterations is set to 1 if using partial_fit.
  • penalty=<l2|l1|elasticnet>: The penalty (aka regularization term) to be used (default l2).
  • learning_rate=<constant|optimal|invscaling> The learning rate. constant: eta = eta0, optimal: eta = 1.0/(alpha * t), invscaling: eta = eta0 / pow(t, power_t) (default invscaling).
  • l1_ratio=<float>: The Elastic Net mixing parameter, with 0 <= l1_ratio <= 1 (default 0.15). l1_ratio=0 corresponds to L2 penalty, l1_ratio=1 to L1.
  • alpha=<float>: Constant that multiplies the regularization term (default 0.0001). Also used to compute learning_rate when set to optimal.
  • eta0=<float>: The initial learning rate (default 0.01).
  • power_t=<float>: The exponent for inverse scaling learning rate (default 0.25).
  • random_state=<int>: The seed of the pseudo random number generator to use when shuffling the data.

Example
The following example uses the partial_fit=<true|false> command which specifies whether an existing model should be incrementally updated or not (default setting is false). If My_Incremental_Model does not exist, the command saves the model data under the model name My_Incremental_Model. If My_Incremental_Model exists and was trained using SGDClassifier, the command updates the existing model with the new input. If My_Incremental_Model exists but was not trained by SGDClassifier, an error message is thrown. 

partial_fit | inputlookup iris.csv | fit SGDClassifier species from * partial_fit=true into My_Incremental_Model

Using partial_fit=true on an existing model ignores the newly supplied parameters. The parameters supplied at model creation are used instead. If partial_fit=false or partial_fit is not specified (default is false), the model specified is created and replaces the pre-trained model if one exists.

You can save SGDClassifier models using the into keyword and apply the saved model later to new data using the apply command. See the following example:

Example 

... | apply sla_model

You can inspect the model learned by SGDClassifier with the summary command. See the following example:

Example 

| summary sla_model

SVM

The SVM algorithm uses the scikit-learn kernel-based SVC estimator to fit a model to predict the value of categorical fields. It uses the radial basis function (rbf) kernel by default.

Syntax 

fit SVM <field_to_predict> from <explanatory_fields> [into <model name>] [C=<float>] [gamma=<float>]


Example 

... | fit SVM SLA_violation from * into sla_model | ...


The gamma parameter controls the width of the rbf kernel (the default value is 1 / number of fields), and the C parameter controls the degree of regularization when fitting the model (the default value is 1.0).

For descriptions of the C and gamma parameters, see the scikit-learn documentation at http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.svm.SVC.html.

You can save SVM models using the into keyword and apply new data later using the apply command. See example below.

Example 

... | apply sla_model

You cannot inspect the model learned by SVM with the summary command.

Kernel-based methods such as the scikit-learn SVC tend to work best when the data is scaled, for example, using our StandardScaler algorithm: | fit StandardScaler into scaling_model | fit SVM from into svm_model. For details, see ''A Practical Guide to Support Vector Classification'' at https://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/papers/guide/guide.pdf.

Clustering Algorithms

Clustering is the grouping of data points. Results will vary depending upon the clustering algorithm used. Clustering algorithms differ in how they determine if data points are similar, and should be grouped. For example, the K-means algorithm clusters based on points in space, whereas the DBSCAN algorithm clusters based on local density

Birch

The Birch algorithm uses the scikit-learn Birch clustering algorithm to divide data points into set of distinct clusters. The cluster for each event is set in a new field named cluster. This algorithm supports incremental fit.

Syntax 

fit Birch <fields> [into <model name>] [k=<int>][partial_fit=<true|false>] [into <model name>]

Example 

... | fit Birch * k=3 | stats count by cluster
  • The k parameter specifies the number of clusters to divide the data into after the final clustering step, which treats the sub-clusters from the leaves of the CF tree as new samples. By default, the cluster label field name is cluster. Change that behavior by using the as keyword to specify a different field name.
  • The partial_fit parameter controls whether an existing model should be incrementally updated or not (default is false). These controls allow you to update an existing model using only new data, without having to retrain the model on the full training data set.

Example
Using partial_fit: 

| inputlookup track_day.csv | fit Birch * k=6 partial_fit=true into My_Incremental_Model

In the example above, if My_Incremental_Model does not exist, the model is saved to it. If My_Incremental_Model exists and was trained using Birch, the command updates the existing model with the new input. If My_Incremental_Model exists but was not trained by Birch, an error message will be given. Using partial_fit=true on an existing model ignores the newly supplied parameters. The parameters supplied at model creation are used instead. If partial_fit=false or partial_fit is not specified (default is false), the model specified is created and replaces the pre-trained model if one exists.
You can save Birch models using the into keyword and apply new data later using the apply command.

Example 

... | apply Birch_model

You cannot inspect the model learned by Birch with the summary command.

DBSCAN

The DBSCAN algorithm uses the scikit-learn DBSCAN clustering algorithm to divide a result set into distinct clusters. The cluster for each event is set in a new field named "cluster". DBSCAN is distinct from K-Means in that it clusters results based on local density, and uncovers a variable number of clusters, whereas K-Means finds a precise number of clusters (for example, k=5 finds 5 clusters).

Syntax 

fit DBSCAN <fields> [eps=<number>]

Example 

... | fit DBSCAN * | stats count by cluster

The eps parameter specifies the maximum distance between two samples for them to be considered in the same cluster. By default, the cluster label is assigned to a field named "cluster", but you may change that behavior by using the as keyword to specify a different field name.

You cannot save DBSCAN models using the into keyword. If you want to be able to predict cluster assignments for future data, you can combine the DBSCAN algorithm with any clustering algorithm (for example, first cluster the data using DBSCAN, then fit a classifier to predict the cluster using RandomForestClassifier).

K-means

K-means clustering is a type of unsupervised learning. It is a clustering algorithm that groups similar data points, with the number of groups represented by the variable "k". The K-means algorithm uses the scikit-learn K-means implementation. The cluster for each event is set in a new field named cluster. Use the K-means algorithm when you have unlabeled data and have at least approximate knowledge of the total number of groups into which the data can be divided.

Using the K-means algorithm has the following advantages:

  • Computationally faster than most other clustering algorithms.
  • Simple algorithm to explain and understand.
  • Normally produces tighter clusters than hierarchical clustering.

Using the K-means algorithm has the following disadvantages:

  • Difficult to determine optimal or true value of k. See X-means.
  • Sensitive to scaling. See StandardScaler.
  • Each clustering may be slightly different, unless you specify the random_state parameter.
  • Does not work well with clusters of different sizes and density.

Syntax 

fit KMeans <fields> [into <model name>]  [k=<int>]  [random_state=<int>]

Example 

... | fit KMeans * k=3 | stats count by cluster

The k parameter specifies the number of clusters to divide the data into. By default, the cluster label is assigned to a field named cluster, but you might change that behavior by using the as keyword to specify a different field name.

You can save K-means models using the into keyword when using the fit command.

Example

In a separate search, you can apply the model to new data using the apply command. 

<code>... | apply cluster_model

Example

You can inspect the model with the summary command. 

... | summary cluster_model

For descriptions of default value of K, see the scikit-learn documentation at http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.cluster.KMeans.html

SpectralClustering

The SpectralClustering algorithm uses the scikit-learn SpectralClustering clustering algorithm to divide a result set into set of distinct clusters. SpectralClustering first transforms the input data using the Radial Basis Function (rbf) kernel, and then performs K-Means clustering on the result. Consequently, SpectralClustering can learn clusters with a non-convex shape. The cluster for each event is set in a new field named "cluster".

Syntax 

fit SpectralClustering <fields> [k=<int>] [gamma=<float>] [random_state=<int>]

Example 

... | fit SpectralClustering * k=3 | stats count by cluster

The k parameter specifies the number of clusters to divide the data into after kernel step. By default, the cluster label is assigned to a field named "cluster", but you can change that behavior by using the as keyword to specify a different field name.

You cannot save SpectralClustering models using the into keyword. If you want to be able to predict cluster assignments for future data, you can combine the SpectralClustering algorithm with any clustering algorithm (for example, first cluster the data using SpectralClustering, then fit a classifier to predict the cluster using RandomForestClassifier).

X-means

Use the X-means algorithm when you have unlabeled data and no prior knowledge of the total number of labels into which that data could be divided. The X-means clustering algorithm is an extended K-means that automatically determines the number of clusters based on Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) scores. Starting with a single cluster, the X-means algorithm goes into action after each run of K-means, making local decisions about which subset of the current centroids should split themselves in order to fit the data better. The splitting decision is done by computing the BIC. The cluster for each event is set in a new field named cluster, and the total number of clusters is set in a new field named n_clusters.

Using the X-means algorithm has the following advantages:

  • Eliminates the requirement of having to provide the value of k (The total number of labels/clusters in the data).
  • Normally produces tighter clusters than hierarchical clustering.

Using the X-means algorithm has the following disadvantages:

  • Sensitive to scaling. See StandardScaler.
  • Different initializations might result in different final clusters.
  • Does not work well with clusters of different sizes and density.

Syntax 

fit XMeans <fields> [into <model name>]

Example 

... | fit XMeans * | stats count by cluster

By default, the cluster label is assigned to a field named cluster, but you may change that behavior by using the as keyword to specify a different field name. You can save X-means models using the into keyword.

Example

You can then apply new data to the saved X-means model using the apply command. 

 ... | apply cluster_model

Example

You can inspect the model learned by X-means with the summary command. 

| summary cluster_model

Feature Extraction

Feature extraction algorithms transform fields for better prediction accuracy.

FieldSelector

The FieldSelector algorithm uses the scikit-learn GenericUnivariateSelect to select the best predictor fields based on univariate statistical tests.

Syntax 

fit FieldSelector <field_to_predict> from <explanatory_fields>
        [into <model name>] [type=<categorical, numeric>]
        [mode=<k_best, fpr, fdr, fwe, percentile>] [param=<int>]

Example 

... | fit FieldSelector type=categorical SLA_violation from * into sla_model | ...

The type parameter specifies if the field to predict is categorical or numeric. For descriptions of the mode and param parameters, see the scikit-learn documentation at http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.feature_selection.GenericUnivariateSelect.html.

You can save FieldSelector models using the into keyword and apply new data later using the apply command. See example below.

Example 

... | apply sla_model

You cannot inspect the model learned by FieldSelector with the summary command.

KernelPCA

The KernelPCA algorithm uses the scikit-learn KernelPCA to reduce the number of fields by extracting uncorrelated new features out of data. The difference between KernelPCA and PCA is the use of kernels in the former, which helps with finding nonlinear dependencies among the fields. Currently, KernelPCA only supports the Radial Basis Function (rbf) kernel.

Syntax 

fit KernelPCA <fields> [into <model name>]
	[degree=<int>] [k=<int>] [gamma=<int>]
	[tolerance=<int>] [max_iteration=<int>]

Example 

... | fit KernelPCA * k=3 gamma=0.001 | ...

The k parameter specifies the number of features to be extracted from the data. The other parameters are for fine tuning of the kernel. For descriptions of the gamma, degree, tolerance, and max_iteration parameters, see the scikit-learn documentation at http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.decomposition.KernelPCA.html.

You can save KernelPCA models using the into keyword and apply new data later using the apply command. See example below:

Example 

... | apply user_feedback_model

You cannot inspect the model learned by KernelPCA with the summary command.

Kernel-based methods such as the scikit-learn KernelPCA tend to work best when the data is scaled, for example, using our StandardScaler algorithm: | fit StandardScaler into scaling_model | fit KernelPCA into kpca_model. For details, see ''A Practical Guide to Support Vector Classification'' at https://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/papers/guide/guide.pdf.

PCA

The PCA algorithm uses the scikit-learn PCA algorithm to reduce the number of fields by extracting new uncorrelated features out of the data.

Syntax 

fit PCA <fields> [into <model name>] [k=<int>]


Example 

... | fit PCA * k=3 | ...


The k parameter specifies the number of features to be extracted from the data.

You can save PCA models using the into keyword and apply new data later using the apply command. See example below.

Example 

... | apply user_feedback_model

You cannot inspect the model learned by PCA with the summary command.

TFIDF

The TFIDF algorithm uses the scikit-learn TfidfVectorizer to convert raw text data into a matrix making it possible to use other machine learning estimators on the data.

Syntax 

fit TFIDF <field_to_convert> [into <model name>] [max_features=<int>]
        [max_df=<int>] [min_df=<int>] [ngram_range=<int>-<int>]
        [analyzer=<str>] [norm=<str>] [token_pattern=<str>] [stop_words=english]

Example 

... | fit TFIDF Reviews into user_feedback_model ngram_range=1-2 max_df=0.6 min_df=0.2 | ...

For descriptions of the max_features, max_df, min_df, ngram_range, analyzer, norm, and token_pattern parameters, see the scikit-learn documentation at http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.feature_extraction.text.TfidfVectorizer.html.

The default for max_features is 100.

To configure the algorithm to ignore common English words (for example, "the", "it", "at", and "that"), set stop_words to english. For other languages (for example, machine language) you can ignore the common words by setting max_df to a value greater than or equal to 0.7 and less than 1.0.

You can save TFIDF models using the into keyword and apply new data later using the apply command. See example below.

Example 

... | apply user_feedback_model

You cannot inspect the model learned by TFIDF with the summary command.

Preprocessing

Preprocessing algorithms are used for preparing data. Other algorithms can also be used for preprocessing that may not be organized under this section. For example, PCA can be used for both Feature Extraction and Preprocessing.

RobustScaler

The RobustScaler algorithm uses the scikit-learn RobustScaler algorithm to standardize the data fields by scaling their median and interquartile range to 0 and 1, respectively. It is very similar to the StandardScaler algorithm, in that it helps avoid dominance of one or more fields over others in subsequent machine learning algorithms, and is practically required for some algorithms, such as KernelPCA and SVM. The main difference between StandardScaler and RobustScaler is that RobustScaler is less sensitive to outliers. This algorithm does not support incremental fit.

Syntax 

fit RobustScaler <fields> [into <model name>] [with_centering=<true|false>] [with_scaling=<true|false>]

Example 

... | fit RobustScaler *  | ...
  • The with_centering and with_scaling parameters specify if the fields should be standardized with respect to their median and interquartile range.

You can save RobustScaler models using the into keyword and apply new data later using the apply command. See example below.

Example 

... | apply scaling_model

You can inspect the statistics extracted by RobustScaler with the summary command (for example, | summary scaling_model).

StandardScaler

The StandardScaler algorithm uses the scikit-learn StandardScaler algorithm to standardize data fields by scaling their mean and standard deviation to 0 and 1, respectively. This preprocessing step helps to avoid dominance of one or more fields over others in subsequent machine learning algorithms. This step is practically required for some algorithms, such as KernelPCA and SVM. This algorithm supports incremental fit.

Syntax 

fit StandardScaler <fields> [into <model name>] [with_mean=<true|false>] [with_std=<true|false>] [partial_fit=<true|false>]

Example 

... | fit StandardScaler *  | ...
  • The with_mean and with_std parameters specify if the fields should be standardized with respect to their mean and standard deviation.
  • The partial_fit parameter controls whether an existing model should be incrementally updated or not (default is false). This allows you to update an existing model using only new data without having to retrain it on the full training data set.

Example The following example uses thepartial_fit parameter: 

| inputlookup track_day.csv | fit StandardScaler "batteryVoltage", "engineCoolantTemperature", "engineSpeed" partial_fit=true into My_Incremental_Model

In the example above, if My_Incremental_Model does not exist, the model is saved to it. If My_Incremental_Model exists and was trained using StandardScaler, the command updates the existing model with the new input. If My_Incremental_Model exists but was not trained by StandardScaler, an error message will be given. Using partial_fit=true on an existing model ignores the newly supplied parameters. The parameters supplied at model creation are used instead. If partial_fit=false or partial_fit is not specified (default is false), the model specified is created and replaces the pre-trained model if one exists.

You can save StandardScaler models using the into keyword and apply new data later using the apply command. See example below.

Example 

... | apply scaling_model

You can inspect the statistics extracted by StandardScaler with the summary command. See example below.

Example 

| summary scaling_model

Regressors

Regressor algorithms predict the value of a numeric field.

The kfold cross-validation command is available for all Regressor algorithms. Learn more here.

DecisionTreeRegressor

The DecisionTreeRegressor algorithm uses the scikit-learn DecisionTreeRegressor estimator to fit a model to predict the value of numeric fields.

Syntax 

fit DecisionTreeRegressor <field_to_predict> from <explanatory_fields> [into <model_name>]
	[max_depth=<int>] [max_features=<str>] [min_samples_split=<int>] [random_state=<int>]
	[max_leaf_nodes=<int>] [splitter=<best|random>]

Example 

... | fit DecisionTreeRegressor temperature from date_month date_hour into temperature_model | ...

For descriptions of the max_depth, random_state, max_features, min_samples_split, max_leaf_nodes, and splitter parameters, see the scikit-learn documentation at http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.tree.DecisionTreeRegressor.html.

You can save DecisionTreeRegressor models using the into keyword and apply it to new data later using the apply command. See example below.

Example 

... | apply model_DTR

You can inspect the decision tree learned by DecisionTreeRegressor with the summary command (for example, | summary model_DTR). Furthermore, you can get a JSON representation of the tree by giving json=t as an argument to the summary command (for example, | summary model_DTR json=t). To specify the maximum depth of the tree to summarize, use the limit argument (for example, | summary model_DTC limit=10). The default value for the limit argument is 5.

ElasticNet

The ElasticNet algorithm uses the scikit-learn ElasticNet estimator to fit a model to predict the value of numeric fields. ElasticNet is a linear regression model that includes both L1 and L2 regularization (it is a generalization of Lasso and Ridge).

Syntax 

fit ElasticNet <field_to_predict> from <explanatory_fields>
        [into <model name>] [fit_intercept=<true|false>] [normalize=<true|false>] 
        [alpha=<int>] [l1_ratio=<int>]

Example 

... | fit ElasticNet temperature from date_month date_hour normalize=true alpha=0.5 | ...

For descriptions of the fit_intercept, normalize, alpha, and l1_ratio parameters, see the scikit-learn documentation at http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.linear_model.ElasticNet.html.

You can save ElasticNet models using the into keyword and apply new data later using the apply command. See example below.

Example 

... | apply temperature_model

You can inspect the coefficients learned by ElasticNet with the summary command. See example below.

Example 

| summary temperature_model

GradientBoostingRegressor

This algorithm uses the GradientBoostingRegressor algorithm from scikit-learn to build a regression model by fitting regression trees on the negative gradient of a loss function. For documentation on the parameters, see GradientBoostingRegressor from scikit-learn http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.GradientBoostingRegressor.html

Syntax 

fit GradientBoostingRegressor <field_to_predict> from <explanatory_fields>
          [into <model_name>] [loss=<ls|lad|huber|quantile>] 
          [max_features=<str>] [learning_rate=<float>] [min_weight_fraction_leaf=<float>] 
          [alpha=<float>] [subsample=<float>] [n_estimators=<int>] [max_depth=<int>] 
          [min_samples_split=<int>] [min_samples_leaf=<int>] [max_leaf_nodes=<int>]
          [random_state=<int>]

Example
The following example uses the GradientBoostingRegressor algorithm to fit a model and saves that model as temperature_model. 

... | fit GradientBoostingRegressor temperature from date_month date_hour into temperature_model | ...

Use the apply method to apply the trained model to the new data. 

...|apply temperature_model

To inspect the features learned by GradientBoostingRegressor use the summary command. 

| summary temperature_model

KernelRidge

The KernelRidge algorithm uses the scikit-learn KernelRidge algorithm to fit a model to predict numeric fields. This algorithm uses the radial basis function (rbf) kernel by default.

Syntax 

fit KernelRidge <field_to_predict> from <explanatory_fields> [into <model_name>] [gamma=<float>]

Example 

... | fit KernelRidge temperature from date_month date_hour into temperature_model | ...

The gamma parameter controls the width of the rbf kernel (the default value is 1/number of fields). For details, see the scikit-learn documentation at http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.kernel_ridge.KernelRidge.html.

You can save KernelRidge models using the into keyword and apply new data later using the apply command. See example below. 

... | apply sla_model

You cannot inspect the model learned by KernelRidge with the summary command.

Lasso

The Lasso algorithm uses the scikit-learn Lasso estimator to fit a model to predict the value of numeric fields. Lasso is like LinearRegression, but it uses L1 regularization to learn a linear models with fewer coefficients and smaller coefficients. Lasso models are consequently more robust to noise and resilient against overfitting.

Syntax 

fit Lasso <field_to_predict> from <explanatory_fields>
        [into <model name>] [alpha=<float>]

Example 

... | fit Lasso temperature from date_month date_hour  | ...

The alpha parameter controls the degree of L1 regularization. For details, see the scikit-learn documentation at http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.linear_model.Lasso.html.

You can save Lasso models using the into keyword and apply new data later using the apply command. See example below.

Example 

... | apply temperature_model

You can inspect the coefficients learned by Lasso with the summary command. See example below.

Example 

| summary temperature_model

LinearRegression

The LinearRegression algorithm uses the scikit-learn LinearRegression estimator to fit a model to predict the value of numeric fields.

Syntax 

fit LinearRegression <field_to_predict> from <explanatory_fields> [into <model name>]
	[fit_intercept=<true|false>] [normalize=<true|false>]

Example 

... | fit LinearRegression temperature from date_month date_hour into temperature_model | ..

The fit_intercept parameter specifies whether the model should include an implicit intercept term (the default value is true).

You can save LinearRegression models using the into keyword and apply new data later using the apply command. See example below.

Example 

... | apply temperature_model

You can inspect the coefficients learned by LinearRegression with the summary command. See example below.

Example 

| summary temperature_model

RandomForestRegressor

The RandomForestRegressor algorithm uses the scikit-learn RandomForestRegressor estimator to fit a model to predict the value of numeric fields.

Syntax 

fit RandomForestRegressor <field_to_predict> from <explanatory_fields>
	[into <model name>] [n_estimators=<int>] [max_depth=<int>] [random_state=<int>]
        [max_features=<str>] [min_samples_split=<int>] [max_leaf_nodes=<int>]

Example 

... | fit RandomForestRegressor temperature from date_month date_hour into temperature_model | ...

For descriptions of the n_estimators, random_state, max_depth, max_features, min_samples_split, and max_leaf_nodes parameters, see the scikit-learn documentation at http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestRegressor.html.

You can save RandomForestRegressor models using the into keyword and apply new data later using the apply command. See example below.

Example 

... | apply temperature_model

You can list the features that were used to fit the model, as well as their relative importance or influence with the summary command. See example below.

Example 

| summary temperature_model

Ridge

The Ridge algorithm uses the scikit-learn Ridge estimator to fit a model to predict the value of numeric fields. Ridge is like LinearRegression, but it uses L2 regularization to learn a linear models with smaller coefficients, making the algorithm more robust to collinearity.

Syntax 

  fit Ridge <field_to_predict> from <explanatory_fields>
        [into <model name>] [fit_intercept=<true|false>] [normalize=<true|false>] 
        [alpha=<int>]

Example 

... | fit Ridge temperature from date_month date_hour normalize=true alpha=0.5 | ...

The alpha parameter specifies the degree of regularization (the default value is 1.0). For descriptions of the fit_intercept, normalize, and alpha parameters, see the scikit-learn documentation at http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.linear_model.Ridge.html.

You can save Ridge models using the into keyword and apply new data later using the apply command. See example below.

Example 

... | apply temperature_model

You can inspect the coefficients learned by Ridge with the summary command. See example below.

Example 

| summary temperature_model

SGDRegressor

The SGDRegressor algorithm uses the scikit-learn SGDRegressor estimator to fit a model to predict the value of numeric fields. This algorithm supports incremental fit.

Syntax 

fit SGDRegressor <field_to_predict> from <explanatory_fields>
       [into <model name>] [partial_fit=<true|false>] [fit_intercept=<true|false>]
       [random_state=<int>] [n_iter=<int>] [l1_ratio=<float>]
       [alpha=<float>] [eta0=<float>] [power_t=<float>]
       [penalty=<l1|l2|elasticnet>] [learning_rate=<constant|optimal|invscaling>]

Example 

... | fit SGDRegressor temperature from date_month date_hour into temperature_model | ...

SGDRegressor supports the following parameters:

  • partial_fit=<true|false>: Specifies whether an existing model should be incrementally updated or not (default false). See example below.

Example

The following example uses thepartial_fit parameter. 

| inputlookup server_power.csv | fit SGDRegressor "ac_power" from "total-cpu-utilization" "total-disk-accesses" partial_fit=true into My_Incremental_Model

In the example above, if My_Incremental_Model does not exist, the model is saved to it. If My_Incremental_Model exists and was trained using SGDRegressor, the command updates the existing model with the new input. If My_Incremental_Model exists but was not trained by SGDRegressor, an error message will be given. Using partial_fit=true on an existing model ignores the newly supplied parameters. The parameters supplied at model creation are used instead. If partial_fit=false or partial_fit is not specified (default is false), the model specified is created and replaces the pre-trained model if one exists.

  • fit_intercept=<true|false>: Whether the intercept should be estimated or not (default true).
  • n_iter=<int>: The number of passes over the training data (aka epochs) (default 5). The number of iterations is set to 1 if using partial_fit.
  • penalty=<l2|l1|elasticnet>: The penalty (aka regularization term) to be used (default l2).
  • learning_rate=<constant|optimal|invscaling> The learning rate. constant: eta = eta0, optimal: eta = 1.0/(alpha * t), invscaling: eta = eta0 / pow(t, power_t) (default invscaling).
  • l1_ratio=<float>: The Elastic Net mixing parameter, with 0 <= l1_ratio <= 1 (default 0.15). l1_ratio=0 corresponds to L2 penalty, l1_ratio=1 to L1.
  • alpha=<float>: Constant that multiplies the regularization term (default 0.0001). Also used to compute learning_rate when set to optimal.
  • eta0=<float>: The initial learning rate (default 0.01).
  • power_t=<float>: The exponent for inverse scaling learning rate (default 0.25).
  • random_state=<int>: The seed of the pseudo random number generator to use when shuffling the data.


You can save SGDRegressor models using the into keyword and apply new data later using the apply command. See example below.

Example 

... | apply temperature_model

You can inspect the coefficients learned by SGDRegressor with the summary command. See example below.

Example 

| summary temperature_model

Time Series Analysis

Time series analysis algorithms provide methods for analyzing time series data in order to extract meaningful statistics and other characteristics of the data and forecast its future values.

ARIMA

The Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) algorithm uses the StatsModels ARIMA algorithm to fit a model on a time series for better understanding and/or forecasting its future values. An ARIMA model can consist of autoregressive terms, moving average terms, and differencing operations. The autoregressive terms express the dependency of the current value of time series to its previous ones. The moving average terms model the effect of previous forecast errors (also called random shocks or white noise) on the current value. If the time series is non-stationary, differencing operations are used to make it stationary. A stationary process is a stochastic process that its probability distribution does not change over time.

Syntax 

fit ARIMA [_time] <field_to_forecast>  order=<int>-<int>-<int> [forecast_k=<int>] [conf_interval=<int>] [holdback=<int>]

Example 

... | fit ARIMA Voltage order=4-0-1 holdback=10 forecast_k=10

ARIMA requires order to be specified at fitting time. order needs three values:

  • Number of autoregressive (AR) parameters
  • Number of differencing operations (D)
  • Number of moving average (MA) Parameters


It also supports the following parameters:

  • forecast_k=<int>: Tells ARIMA how many points into the future should be forecasted. If _time is specified during fitting along with the <field_to_forecast>, ARIMA will also generate the timestamps for forecasted values. By default, forecast_k is zero.
  • conf_interval=<1..99>: This is the confidence interval in percentage around forecasted values. By default it is set to 95%.
  • holdback=<int>: This is the number of data points held back from the ARIMA model. This can be useful when you want to compare the forecast against known data points. By default, holdback is zero.


Best Practices

  • It is highly recommended to send the time series through timechart before sending it into ARIMA to avoid non-uniform sampling time. If _time is not to be specified, using timechart is not necessary.
  • The time series should not have any gaps or missing data otherwise ARIMA will complain. If there are missing samples in the data, using a bigger span in timechart or using streamstats to fill in the gaps with average values can do the trick.
  • ARIMA supports one time series at a time.
  • ARIMA models cannot be saved and used at a later time in the current version.
  • When chaining ARIMA output to another algorithm (i.e. ARIMA itself), keep in mind the length of the data is the length of the original data + forecast_k. If you want to maintain the holdback position, you need to add the number in forecast_k to your holdback value.

See the StatsModels documentation at http://statsmodels.sourceforge.net/devel/generated/statsmodels.tsa.arima_model.ARIMA.html for more information.

Utility Algorithms

Utility algorithms are not machine learning algorithms, but they provide methods to calculate data characteristics. These algorithms facilitate the process of algorithm selection and parameter selection.

Autocorrelation Function

Autocorrelation Function (ACF) calculates the correlation between a sequence and a shifted copy of itself, as a function of shift. Shift is also referred to as lag or delay.

Syntax 

fit ACF <field> [k=<int>] [fft=true|false] [conf_interval=<int>]

Example 

... | fit ACF logins k=50 fft=true conf_interval=90
  • The k parameter specifies the number of lags to return autocorrelation for. By default, k is 40.
  • The fft parameter specifies whether ACF is computed via Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). By default, fft is false.
  • The conf_interval parameter specifies the confidence interval in percentage to return. By default, conf_interval is set to 95.

See the StatsModels documentation at http://www.statsmodels.org/stable/generated/statsmodels.tsa.stattools.acf.html for more information.

Partial Autocorrelation Function

Partial Autocorrelation Function (PACF) gives the partial correlation between a sequence and its lagged values, controlling for the values of lags that are shorter than its own.

Syntax 

fit PACF <field> [k=<int>] [method=<ywunbiased|ywmle|ols>] [conf_interval=<int>]

Example 

... | fit PACF logins k=20 conf_interval=90
  • The k parameter specifies the number of lags to return partial autocorrelation for. By default, k is 40
  • The method parameter specifies which method for the calculation to use. By default, method is unbiased.
  • The conf_interval parameter specifies the confidence interval in percentage to return. By default, conf_interval is set to 95.

See the StatsModels documentation at http://www.statsmodels.org/stable/generated/statsmodels.tsa.stattools.pacf.html for more information.

Last modified on 27 November, 2018
Using the score command   Import a machine learning algorithm from Splunkbase

This documentation applies to the following versions of Splunk® Machine Learning Toolkit: 4.0.0

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